Colleen Hoover Net Worth 2026: The $15M BookTok Fortune

Colleen Hoover‘s net worth is estimated at $10 million to $15 million as of October 2026. The figure reflects a publishing career that moved from a $0 self-published Kindle experiment in 2012 to more than 35 million copies sold worldwide — including a record-breaking 2022 in which she sold an estimated 14.3 million books, outsold the Bible according to The New York Times, and set a first-day sales record at Simon & Schuster. Add four film adaptations — headlined by the 2024 release It Ends With Us, which grossed more than $350 million worldwide, and the October 2026 release Verity, on which she holds a producer credit — and Hoover has built one of the most lucrative author businesses of the last decade.

How we estimated this: Colleen Hoover files no public financial disclosures, so this estimate is built from the record: published net-worth audits (CEO Today Magazine placed her at $7–10 million in January 2025; trade analyses put her at $10–15 million in 2025–2026), BookScan-level sales figures reported by The New York Times, The Hustle and NPR, known royalty economics for self-published and traditionally published titles, and film-adaptation milestones with reported box-office grosses. Where sources disagree, we show the range and name who says what. Net worth figures for public personalities are estimates built from public reporting — not audited financial statements. Read our full methodology.

Colleen Hoover: Quick Facts

Estimated net worth~$10–15 million (range: $10 million to $15 million; some audits run lower, some higher)
ProfessionAuthor, producer, nonprofit bookstore founder
NationalityAmerican
BornDecember 11, 1979 (age 46)
Height~5 ft 9 in (reported; approximate)
Primary income sourcesBook royalties (self-published + traditional), audiobooks, foreign-language rights, film adaptation rights and producer fees, special-edition and merchandise sales
Active years2012–present
Last reviewedOctober 2026
Illustrated portrait of bestselling author Colleen Hoover in navy and gold editorial style
Colleen Hoover — the BookTok phenomenon who turned self-publishing into a $10M+ fortune.

Early Life and Background

Born Margaret Colleen Fennell on December 11, 1979, in Sulphur Springs, Texas, Hoover grew up in the small town of Saltillo, about 90 miles east of Dallas. Money was tight. In interviews she has described a childhood in a single-wide trailer without a front door knob, raised by a mother who worked multiple jobs after her parents separated. That material reality — modest Texas roots, working-class jobs, financial strain — later became the emotional bedrock of her fiction, which returns again and again to characters navigating love under pressure.

She graduated from Saltillo High School in 1998, married Heath Hoover in 2000, and had three sons before she ever considered writing for publication. Family members run through every stage of her career: her mother, sisters, and sons helped operate her bookstore, and her sister Lin Reynolds and mother Eddie Fennell appear in the family-run Bookworm Box operation. Unlike celebrity authors who cultivated public personas from the start, Hoover spent her twenties as a private working mother in rural Texas — a fact that shaped her later appeal to readers who saw themselves in her story.

Education

Hoover earned a degree in social work from Texas A&M University–Commerce. The choice was practical rather than literary: by then she was married with young children and needed a dependable income, so she trained for a career in social services instead of an MFA. After graduating, she worked in the WIC (Women, Infants, Children) nutrition program in Texas, at a child advocacy center, in home-health hospice, and for a state agency providing nutrition counseling.

The social-work years are more than biography trivia — they are arguably her literary training. Her caseload exposed her to domestic violence, addiction, and family breakdown, the same themes that define It Ends With Us and Ugly Love. Her fiction’s reputation for handling dark subjects with empathy, and the criticism that it sometimes handles them too lightly, both trace back to this period of her life. She began writing at home in November 2011 simply to pass the time during her son’s play rehearsals — a hobby, not a career plan.

Career Journey

Hoover’s career begins with one of the most documented accidents in modern publishing. She wrote Slammed for herself, inspired by the Avett Brothers song “Head Full of Doubt/Road Full of Promise” (the lyric “decide what to be and go be it” weaves through the novel), and she only researched Amazon’s Kindle Direct Publishing platform because she wanted to load the manuscript onto a Kindle bought for her grandmother as a Christmas gift in 2011. She self-published Slammed in January 2012 with no marketing, no agent, and no expectations.

Four months later, the novel was a surprise hit. Book blogger Maryse Black gave it five stars, sales exploded, and within months Slammed landed on The New York Times bestseller list. Its sequel, Point of Retreat, rode the same wave, and in December 2012 her romance Hopeless reached No. 1 on the NYT list — an extraordinary run for a self-published author operating out of rural Texas.

In 2014 she made the leap from self-publishing to traditional publishing, signing with Atria Books, the Simon & Schuster imprint that has published her ever since (per Simon & Schuster and NPR reporting). She kept a hybrid model that is central to her wealth: self-published titles earn her up to 70% royalties through Amazon KDP, while traditionally published titles pay the industry-standard 8–15% of retail. Over the next decade she built a catalog of more than twenty novels and novellas — Ugly Love (2014), Confess (2015), November 9 (2015), It Ends With Us (2016), Verity (originally self-published, 2021, later acquired by Grand Central), Reminders of Him (2022), It Starts With Us (2022), and more — each new release feeding a backlist that never stopped selling.

Rise to Fame

The BookTok explosion of 2021 turned a successful author into a publishing phenomenon. Readers on TikTok began posting tear-streaked reaction videos to It Ends With Us and Verity; the hashtag #colleenhoover accumulated more than 2.4 billion views, and her fans — who call themselves “CoHorts” — became what one publishing executive described as “the reverse of the Oprah book club,” a recommendation engine made of hundreds of thousands of ordinary readers instead of one celebrity.

The numbers behind the fame are the reason this net-worth article exists at all. In 2022 alone, Hoover sold an estimated 14.3 million books — more than any other author on earth that year, and, per The New York Times, more than the Bible (The Hustle; the paper later reported she had outsold the Bible by more than 3 million copies by the end of that year). Six of her titles sat in the New York Times Top 10 fiction list simultaneously; at one point she held eight of the top ten paperback spots. NPD BookScan data showed that contemporary romance sales had surged 190% over four fiscal years, and Hoover accounted for the majority of that growth.

The peak crystallized on October 18, 2022, when her sequel It Starts With Us sold more than 800,000 copies on its first day — a Simon & Schuster company record for first-day fiction sales, and, per NPR, the most pre-orders for any novel in the company’s 98-year history. Retail footprint data underscores the scale: at Target alone, Hoover’s titles generated $45.1 million in retail sales in 2022, up from $7,732 in 2019. In 2023, TIME Magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world.

Main Sources of Income

Hoover’s fortune rests on six distinct income streams — a diversification that sets her apart from authors who rely on frontlist sales alone.

1. Traditional publishing royalties. Her Atria/Grand Central titles earn the standard 8–15% of retail price. On a $17.99 paperback at 12%, that’s roughly $2.16 per copy — and with millions of copies sold annually during the BookTok peak, the math compounds fast. Escalating royalty clauses after sales thresholds (standard for proven bestsellers) likely push her effective rate toward the top of that band.

2. Self-publishing royalties. Titles she kept independent, including early career work and the self-published edition of Verity, earn up to 70% of list price through Amazon KDP. Industry analyses place her self-pub royalty margin at three times the per-unit margin of her traditional titles — the reason her hybrid publishing strategy is so profitable.

3. Audiobooks. Industry data shows 68% of NYT bestseller revenue now comes from non-print formats, and Hoover’s tearjerker romances are ideal audiobook listening. Audio royalties typically run 20–40% of wholesale, a meaningful slice on millions of annual units.

4. Foreign-language rights. Her novels are published in dozens of languages, each translation deal carrying its own advance and royalty stream.

5. Film and television adaptation rights. Four adaptations and one TV series option: It Ends With Us (2024), Regretting You (October 2025), Reminders of Him (March 2026), and Verity (October 2026) — plus the Confess television series on Prime Video. Adaptation deals typically combine a six- or seven-figure lump sum with backend participation; on Verity she is also a credited producer, which adds a producer fee on top of the option payment.

6. Merchandise and special editions. Collector’s editions of It Ends With Us and It Starts With Us retail near $29, and themed merchandise — including the “bite mark” imagery from Verity that became part of the film’s promotional campaign — extends her brand beyond the bookshelf.

Illustrated cozy nonprofit bookstore interior inspired by Colleen Hoover's Bookworm Box in Sulphur Springs, Texas
The Bookworm Box — the nonprofit bookstore Hoover founded with her family in Sulphur Springs, Texas, which has donated over $1 million to charity.

Salary and Earnings

Colleen Hoover has no public salary — authors don’t draw one — and no outlet has ever published her tax returns or royalty statements, so annual earnings figures are modeled, not confirmed. Still, the public sales record allows for honest math. Take her 2022 peak: 14.3 million copies sold. At a blended effective royalty of roughly $1.50–2.50 per copy across print, ebook, and audio formats, that single year implies somewhere in the region of $20–35 million in gross royalty revenue before taxes, agent commissions (typically 15%), and publishing expenses. The exact figure depends on format mix — ebooks and audiobooks carry different economics than print — which is why responsible analyses, including CEO Today’s January 2025 audit, translate the revenue into a personal fortune of $7–10 million at that time rather than a literal royalty total.

That translation deserves an explanation, because it is the single most misunderstood part of author net worth. Gross royalties are not net worth. Between taxes, her agent’s cut, production costs for self-published editions, and the timing of advances (large advances are paid against future royalties, not on top of them), the money that lands in an author’s accounts is a fraction of headline sales figures. By 2024, the $350-million-grossing It Ends With Us film adaptation added what film-finance reporting describes as a likely seven-figure payout — the option price plus backend — and the Verity production, budgeted at $40 million with Hoover holding a producer credit through her Heartbones Entertainment banner, adds producer fees on top of the underlying option. These film payments are the reason her estimated net worth moved upward from the $7–10 million band in early 2025 into the $10–15 million band by 2026, even as book sales cooled from their 2022 apex.

One common source of confusion deserves a direct answer: CelebsMoney’s frequently-cited figure of “$100,000 to $1 million” is stale — its own page acknowledges its numbers derive from an old algorithmic snapshot, and it predates both the BookTok surge and every film adaptation. Similarly, the $6 million figures still circulating on older profile pages reflect the pre-2022 era. The current consensus among analyses published from 2025 onward sits at $10–15 million, with outliers from $7 million (conservative) to $30 million (speculative high-end, from a ghostwriting industry blog). We anchor to the middle of the credible band: $10–15 million.

Businesses and Investments

The business most competitors underweight is also the one that makes Hoover the best fit for our entrepreneurs category: she runs enterprises, not just a writing desk.

The Bookworm Box. In 2015, Hoover and her family founded The Bookworm Box, a nonprofit bookstore and monthly book subscription service in Sulphur Springs, Texas. The store sells donated books, promotes more than 500 authors, and — per the publisher bios printed in her books — has donated over $1 million to various charities. Her mother, sisters, aunt, and sons have all worked the counter. It is a genuine operating business, not a vanity project, and it anchors her entrepreneurial identity alongside the writing.

Heartbones Entertainment. On the film side, Hoover produces through Heartbones Entertainment — named for her 2020 novel Heart Bones — which holds a producer credit on the 2026 Verity adaptation (Amazon MGM Studios, $40 million budget). Producer credits carry fees and, on profitable films, backend participation, giving her a stake in the adaptation pipeline rather than a one-time option check. Verity has grossed $72.8 million in its early theatrical run on that $40 million budget, per box-office reporting — a meaningful early return.

The Amazon Montlake deal. Her January 2026 novel Woman Down was published by Amazon’s Montlake imprint — a notable shift after years of Atria/Grand Central releases — and debuted at No. 1. Hoover described it as “one of the darkest books I’ve written so far.” Amazon Publishing terms are not public, but frontlist deals at this level for an author of her sales caliber typically involve a substantial six- or seven-figure advance. The move is also strategically interesting: Amazon’s own retail, audio, and Prime Video channels create the same kind of vertical integration she built with self-publishing.

Brand Deals and Sponsorships

Here is where honesty matters: Colleen Hoover does not have traditional celebrity brand deals. No fashion campaigns, no fragrance line, no beverage endorsements. Her “sponsorship” income arrives through publishing-adjacent channels instead. Target’s Hoover displays — which drove $45.1 million in retail sales in 2022 — are co-marketing in effect, and the special collector’s editions of It Ends With Us ($29 hardcover, April 2023) and It Starts With Us ($29, November 2024) function as premium product lines.

The most telling brand extension is accidental: the “bite mark” detail from Verity, a minor beat in the novel that Hoover herself said she never expected to become iconic, became a centerpiece of the film’s merchandise campaign. That kind of organic IP monetization — merch that markets itself because the fandom already decided it mattered — is something traditional brand deals rarely achieve. Between special editions, merchandise, and event appearances, these adjacent streams likely contribute low-seven figures annually at her peak, though no one publishes the numbers.

Illustrated Hollywood movie premiere scene with cinema marquee and film reels in navy and gold
Hollywood came calling: four Colleen Hoover adaptations have reached screens, with a fifth in active development.

Houses, Cars and Other Assets

Unlike celebrity profiles built around mansions and supercars, Hoover’s asset record is refreshingly ordinary — and that is data, not a gap. She still lives in the Sulphur Springs/Saltillo area of Texas, the same small-town orbit where she grew up; in 2022 she told interviewers she was living on the same plot of land as her childhood and shopping at Walmart in her pajamas. There are no public records of luxury real estate purchases, no yacht, no reported car collection. What her wealth does show, per reporting, is a working bookstore, a production company, and an unusually large author business — assets that earn rather than depreciate.

This matters for the net-worth math: with a low personal burn rate relative to her income — no publicly known staff mansion, no entourage overhead — a larger share of her earnings converts to retained wealth than for celebrities with equivalent gross income. The honest limitation is that Texas property records for her primary residence have not been publicly tied to purchase prices in reporting we could verify, so we do not assign a figure to it.

Awards and Achievements

Hoover’s trophy case doubles as a timeline of her ascent. She won the UtopYA Con Awards in 2014, the Goodreads Choice Award for Best Romance twice — for Confess in 2015 and It Ends With Us in 2016 — and in 2023 TIME Magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world. More than twenty of her titles have reached the New York Times bestseller list; her six-titles-in-the-Top-10 run in 2022 remains one of the most dominant chart performances by any author in the list’s history.

The screen adaptations are achievements in their own right: It Ends With Us grossing $350+ million made it one of the most commercially successful romance adaptations ever, and her producer credit on Verity places her inside the filmmaking business rather than outside it. Her January 2026 release Woman Down debuted at No. 1 and had collected roughly 188,000 ratings on Goodreads within nine months of publication — evidence that her readership did not evaporate with the BookTok peak.

Net Worth Growth Over the Years

No public source tracks Hoover’s fortune year by year, so the table below is our modeled estimate, built from the dated milestones in the record — sales figures, published audits, and film deals. Treat it as a trajectory, not an audit.

YearEstimated net worthWhat drove it
2019~$1–2 millionSteady self-pub + traditional royalties; pre-BookTok baseline
2020~$2 millionHeart Bones, Layla releases; pandemic reading bump
2021~$3–5 millionBookTok explosion; It Ends With Us hits No. 1 NYT (Jan 2022 reporting window)
2022~$5–7 million14.3M books sold; It Starts With Us 800K first-day record
2023~$10 millionTIME100; 35M+ lifetime copies; peak royalty income lands
2024~$10–12 millionIt Ends With Us film grosses $350M+; adaptation payout
2025~$10–15 millionAudits converge on $10–15M; Regretting You film (Oct 2025)
2026$10–15 millionVerity film + producer credit (Oct 2026); Woman Down No. 1 debut

The step from 2022’s $5–7 million to 2023’s ~$10 million is where the estimates move fastest — and where skepticism is most warranted. That jump reflects the compounding of two peak royalty years landing in bank accounts plus the first adaptation payments, and it is consistent with CEO Today’s January 2025 audit placing her at $7–10 million with some analyses already at $10–15 million. The honest range today: no credible analysis published since 2025 puts her below $7 million, and the most aggressive credible ceiling is $15 million (the $20–30 million figures come from speculative industry blogs, not reporting).

Social Media Presence

Hoover’s social media footprint is best measured by its effects rather than her follower counts. The #colleenhoover hashtag passed 2.4 billion views on TikTok during the BookTok peak, and the #BookTok ecosystem — where readers film themselves crying over her endings — remains the most powerful organic marketing engine in publishing, regularly reviving decade-old titles into bestsellers at zero cost to her. Her verified Instagram account (@colleenhoover) reaches millions of followers and has served as her direct line to readers, including the December 2025 post in which she personally addressed speculation about her health.

That direct relationship cuts both ways, and it is central to her 2026 story: when the It Ends With Us film was followed by a widely reported legal dispute between star Blake Lively and director Justin Baldoni, the fandom churn engulfed Hoover online as well. Her response was to write through it — Woman Down follows a bestselling author, Petra Rose, whose career collapses after viral backlash over a film adaptation of her book. Kirkus Reviews, covering the announcement, called it “a bit of a meta take on Hoover’s own recent scandals.” Whether readers see the novel as confession, commentary, or pure thriller, the premise confirms what the sales data already said: Hoover understands her audience’s dynamics better than almost any author working today.

Personal Life

Hoover married Heath Hoover in 2000, and they have three sons — Cale, Levi, and Beckham — all adults or near-adults now. She has credited her family with sustaining the writing career: during the early self-publishing years, her boss at her day job reportedly covered her shifts so she could write, and the whole family later staffed the Bookworm Box. Her mother Eddie Fennell and sisters remain part of the store operation.

She keeps her private life notably quiet for someone with her reach — no reality television, no memoir, no lifestyle brand. One public exception came in late 2025 and early 2026, when Hoover personally disclosed that she had been diagnosed with cancer in December 2025, underwent surgery to remove it, and completed radiation treatment (she shared the news via a private Facebook post and Instagram updates, as reported by entertainment press in January 2026). She missed the Regretting You premiere and skipped a traditional tour for Woman Down while recovering. She did not disclose the cancer type. The disclosure matters here only because it explains her reduced public schedule in 2026 — and because she made it herself, on her own terms.

Sources & Reporting

  • The New York Times — reported Hoover outsold the Bible in 2022 (by more than 3 million copies); her chart dominance (six-to-eight titles in the Top 10) and BookTok-driven sales surge. Reporting window: 2022–2023.
  • NPR — reported It Starts With Us sold 800,000+ copies on release day (Oct. 18, 2022), a Simon & Schuster company record for first-day fiction sales and the most pre-orders in the company’s 98-year history; profiled her Texas background and social-work career.
  • Kirkus Reviews — reported the Woman Down announcement: Amazon Montlake publication, January 13, 2026 release, thriller genre, and the Lively/Baldoni legal dispute context. Reporting window: 2025.
  • Wikipedia — production credits and release data for the Verity film (directed by Michael Showalter; Amazon MGM Studios; $40 million budget; $72.8 million early box office; October 2, 2026 US release), including Hoover’s producer credit via Heartbones Entertainment.
  • Goodreads — Woman Down ratings data (~188,000 ratings, 3.49 average as of fall 2026); Choice Awards history (Best Romance 2015, 2016).
  • The Hustle — reported 14.3 million books sold in 2022, 8.6 million in print, the 2.4-billion-view #colleenhoover hashtag, and her modest Texas lifestyle. Reporting window: 2022–2023.
  • Morning Brew — reported 35 million+ total copies sold and the It Ends With Us film’s $350M+ box office; six titles in the NYT Top 10. Reporting window: 2024.
  • TIME Magazine — named Hoover to the TIME100 list of most influential people (2023).
  • Simon & Schuster / Atria Books — publisher of record for her frontlist since 2014; confirmed first-day sales records via NPR.
  • Amazon Publishing / Montlake — publisher of Woman Down (announced via Hoover’s Amazon TikTok video, per Kirkus).
  • Box Office Mojo — theatrical gross data for It Ends With Us ($350M+ worldwide) and Verity ($72.8M).
  • CEO Today Magazine — net-worth audit (January 2025): $7–10 million, with some analyses to $12 million; royalty-rate reporting (8–15% traditional, higher self-pub margins).
  • Trade analyses (Accio business research, NZ Current) — 2025–2026 net-worth band of $10–15 million; noted film-adaptation and merchandise income streams. Named here without links per our no-guess URL policy.

Older profile pages (Heightline, CelebsMoney, TheMost10) were consulted for their stated figures but are dated — they predate the BookTok peak or the film adaptations — and are cited in the article only to explain the estimate spread.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Colleen Hoover’s net worth in 2026?

Colleen Hoover’s net worth is estimated at $10 million to $15 million as of October 2026. The figure is built from more than 35 million books sold worldwide, a record-setting 2022 in which she moved an estimated 14.3 million copies, and four film adaptations including the $350-million-grossing It Ends With Us and the October 2026 release Verity, on which she holds a producer credit. Lower figures ($6–7 million) come from audits published before the film boom; higher figures ($20–30 million) come from speculative blogs, not reporting.

How much does Colleen Hoover make per year?

Hoover has never disclosed annual earnings, and authors don’t draw salaries — but the sales record supports modeled estimates. In her peak year of 2022, 14.3 million copies sold at a blended royalty of roughly $1.50–2.50 per copy implies $20–35 million in gross royalty revenue before taxes, her agent’s 15% commission, and expenses. Post-peak years bring smaller book income plus film money: adaptation deals and her producer work on Verity typically pay in the six-to-seven-figure range per project. Trade estimates suggest she earns in the low millions annually in the mid-2020s, down from her 2022 apex.

How did Colleen Hoover become rich?

She self-published Slammed on Amazon Kindle in January 2012 after a book blogger’s five-star review sent sales soaring; signed with Atria Books in 2014 while keeping a lucrative hybrid self-publishing model (up to 70% royalties on Kindle titles); then rode the 2021 BookTok wave to become the best-selling author of 2022, outselling the Bible. Film adaptations — It Ends With Us, Regretting You, Reminders of Him, Verity — added a second income pillar, and her nonprofit Bookworm Box bookstore and Heartbones Entertainment production banner round out an author-entrepreneur business.

How many books has Colleen Hoover sold?

More than 35 million copies worldwide as of early 2025, per Morning Brew’s reporting — a figure her publisher bios now echo. Her peak year was 2022, when she sold an estimated 14.3 million books (The Hustle), with 8.6 million in print alone, outselling every other author on the planet and the Bible itself, according to The New York Times. Her sequel It Starts With Us sold more than 800,000 copies on its first day in October 2022, a Simon & Schuster company record.

What was Colleen Hoover’s job before she became an author?

She was a social worker. After earning a social work degree from Texas A&M University–Commerce, Hoover worked in Texas’s WIC nutrition program, at a child advocacy center, in home-health hospice, and for a state nutrition agency. She began writing Slammed in November 2011 to pass the time during her son’s play rehearsals and self-published it as a hobby in January 2012 — four months before it hit the New York Times bestseller list.

Which Colleen Hoover books have been made into movies?

Four novels so far: It Ends With Us (August 2024, starring Blake Lively and Justin Baldoni, $350M+ worldwide), Regretting You (October 2025), Reminders of Him (March 2026), and Verity (October 2026, Amazon MGM Studios, starring Anne Hathaway, Dakota Johnson, and Josh Hartnett, with Hoover as a credited producer). Her novel Confess was also adapted as a television series streaming on Prime Video.

What is Colleen Hoover’s new book in 2026?

Woman Down, a psychological thriller published January 13, 2026 by Amazon’s Montlake imprint — her first novel under a new Amazon Publishing deal after years with Atria. It debuted at No. 1 and had collected roughly 188,000 Goodreads ratings within nine months.

Who is Colleen Hoover’s husband?

Heath Hoover, whom she married in 2000. They have three sons — Cale, Levi, and Beckham — and live in the Sulphur Springs/Saltillo area of Texas, where the family helped found and staff her nonprofit Bookworm Box bookstore. Unlike many celebrities, Hoover keeps her family life almost entirely out of her public brand.

The Bottom Line

Final Thoughts

Colleen Hoover’s estimated $10–15 million net worth is the product of the most improbable author business of the modern era: a Kindle upload that became a bestseller, a fan army that outsold the Bible, and a backlist that sells like a frontlist. What elevates her above a one-era phenomenon is the second act she is building in 2026 — a producer credit on a $40 million studio film, a No. 1 debut with a new publisher in Amazon’s Montlake, and a nonprofit bookstore that has given away more than a million dollars.

The honest caveats stay on the table: her 14.3-million-copy year was 2022, and no one should expect it to repeat; the $350 million It Ends With Us gross enriched her, but adaptation money is lumpy, not annual; and without public filings, the $10–15 million band is an estimate built from sales math and audits, not a bank statement. What is not in doubt is the underlying engine — 35 million copies sold, four films, a readership that never left — and that is why the credible estimates keep climbing even after the BookTok peak.

Published on 2026-10-10. Last reviewed October 2026. Found an error? See our corrections policy.

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Researched & Written by
NetWorthCraft Editorial Team

Every figure in this article was checked against primary reporting — business press, filings, rich lists and verified interviews — before publication. Estimates carry a visible date and appear as ranges where the record is incomplete; they are corrected when new evidence emerges.